Entrepreneurship Through Start-ups in Hill Areas Using Photovoltaic Systems

There is large potential for generating solar power in Uttarakhand (India) endowed with natural resources. The extensive use of solar energy through solar PV panels in Distributed and Renewable Electricity Generation is significant to utilize multi climatic zones of hilly areas. In this regard, UREDA (Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency) targets to achieve a huge boost of solar PV battery backup with approved subsidy budget of INR 6 billion to 50 billion by 2019/20 under JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission). This investment will increase productivity, enhance employment opportunities and improve quality of education. However, maximization of power output from panels used for same is achieved through use of MPPT (Maximum Power Point Trackers). The commercially installed solar power systems can be made to accomplish higher efficiency by implementing MPPT systems in start ups. In this paper, the effort is made to use MPPT system designed by intelligent controller for implementation in PV based utility systems. The regulated voltage output from MPPT system is obtained irrespective of fluctuations in environment. These variations are tested for changing temperature and irradiance due to shading or partial unavailability of sun. The results of same have been optimized through MATLAB/SIMULINK. The model designed is intended to be a beneficial source for PV engineers and researchers to provide high efficiency with the use of MPPT

Comparison of MPPT Systems in Error Optimization using PID, Fuzzy and Hybrid Fuzzy in Multivariable Environment

Recent surveys conducted in the field of Power Control and Engineering show that photovoltaic (PV) systems are currently being discussed worldwide and research on the same is being carried globally. It is necessary to optimize the expanding use of photovoltaic systems through error detection in Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) systems. Through this paper, an attempt is made to develop an efficient photovoltaic MPPT system using hybrid fuzzy technique to extract maximum power under a multivariable environment (changing temperature and irradiance). The MPPT system using Hybrid Controller (combining PID & FLC) has an increased efficiency and optimized output in comparison to the MPPT system using PID and Fuzzy individually. The system has explored a concept of computing academic performance indices with three MPPT models for future research based on global MPP calculation. Citation: Sharma, C., and Jain, A. (2018). Comparison of MPPT Systems in Error Optimization using PID, Fuzzy and Hybrid Fuzzy in Multivariable Environment. Trends in Renewable Energy, 4, 8-21. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2018.4.3.004

Modeling of Buck Converter Models in MPPT using PID and FLC

PV has become universal for power utility applications in comparison to conventional technologies when it comes to economic competitiveness. As the efficiency of solar PV panel is low, it becomes mandatory to extract maximum power from the PV panel at any given period of time. Maximum Power and efficiency in Photovoltaics can be improved by Maximum Power Point tracking even under distributed temperature and irradiance functions. The paper attempts to compare two different Buck converter models based on predictive control. The two converter models using State space differential equation and direct component in MATLAB/SIMULINK are optimized through PID and FLC to obtain increased gain and desired converter output. A PV system connected with Buck converter using an intelligent controller (FLC) for extracting maximum power at different environmental conditions is proposed and the results are compared with conventional PID controller

Basis Weight Gain Tuning Using Different Types of Conventional Controllers

Paper making is a vast, multidisciplinary technology that has expanded tremendously in recent years approaching to reach 20 million tons by 2020. As per demand implementation of necessary tools to optimize papermaking process and to increase the control precision, the precondition for stable operation and quality production is necessary. In the present work, an effort has been made to analyse gain tuning of Basis Weight output relative to the changing values of basis weight valve opening with step and variable input. The effects of the three constants KP, KD and KI for different types of conventional controllers as P, PD and PID controller are examined by adding a disturbance to the control system. The effects of various scaling gains are studied on the output of the system and are tuned to get the optimum output both for the step input as well as the varying input. Simulation results show that P, PD and PID controllers provide automatic tuning to preserve good performance for various operating conditions. An analysis of practical performance indices is presented by comparing results of three different conventional controllers. The system developed can be used to serve as platform for Control engineering techniques used in industries

Entrepreneurship Through Start-ups in Hill Areas Using Photovoltaic Systems

There is large potential for generating solar power in Uttarakhand (India) endowed with natural resources. The extensive use of solar energy through solar PV panels in Distributed and Renewable Electricity Generation is significant to utilize multi climatic zones of hilly areas. In this regard, UREDA (Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency) targets to achieve a huge boost of solar PV battery backup with approved subsidy budget of INR 6 billion to 50 billion by 2019/20 under JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission). This investment will increase productivity, enhance employment opportunities and improve quality of education. However, maximization of power output from panels used for same is achieved through use of MPPT (Maximum Power Point Trackers). The commercially installed solar power systems can be made to accomplish higher efficiency by implementing MPPT systems in start ups. In this paper, the effort is made to use MPPT system designed by intelligent controller for implementation in PV based utility systems. The regulated voltage output from MPPT system is obtained irrespective of fluctuations in environment. These variations are tested for changing temperature and irradiance due to shading or partial unavailability of sun. The results of same have been optimized through MATLAB/SIMULINK. The model designed is intended to be a beneficial source for PV engineers and researchers to provide high efficiency with the use of MPPT

Comparative evaluation of immunochromatographic card tests with enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay for the detection of hepatitis C virus antibody

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global prevalent pathogen causes both acute and chronic hepatitis and leading to serious liver damage. Correct and rapid diagnosis is pivotal for the management of HCV disease. Rapid card tests are superior alternatives for the large-scale screening of HCV infection. Methods: The present observational study evaluates analytical performance of four different anti-HCV rapid tests. A total of 200 ELISA confirmed, HCV positive (n=100) and HCV negative (n=100) clinical specimens were selected and re-tested for anti-HCV antibodies by using commercially available four different immunochromatography cards (Meriscreen, Accurate, Oscar and Biolab). Results: Among all, Biolab rapid card test shown highest (98%) sensitivity. On the other hand, all rapid card test kits showed identical 100% specificity. Conclusions: Overall BioLab anti-HCV rapid card tests found to be superior in the present study and strongly suggest in house validation of rapid card tests before their diagnostics use on clinical specimens

DESCRIBING THE EFFECTS OF PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA ON MACULA USING SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN CENTRAL INDIA

Introduction: Primary open-angle glaucoma is a silent predator of sight, killing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and leads to characteristic optic nerve head (ONH) changes and visual field (VF) defects. The conventional methods of diagnosis include clinical examination and perimetry. However, by these at the time of diagnosis, a substantial loss of RGCs has already occurred. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) allows quantitative measurements of various parameters of the retina. This tool may be utilized for selective measurement of macular parameters to make an early diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: In 6 months of study, a total of 81 eyes of 51 subjects underwent SD-OCT measurements, that is, 49 eyes of 35 POAG subjects and 32 eyes of 16 age-matched healthy subjects, to record all measurable macular parameters, namely, macular thickness (MT)-central, average, in all sectors of the inner and outer circle of early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) macular map; macular volume, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness-in all sectors; succeeded by statistical calculations using the unpaired t-test to calculate two-tailed p-value which is significant when its value is <0.05. Results: As an observation the average MT, MT in the inferior and temporal sector of the inner circle of the ETDRS macular map, that in the inferior sector of the outer circle, minimum GC-IPL thickness, and GC-IPL thickness in all sectors were all significantly reduced in POAG eyes than healthy eyes. Whereas central MT, average GC-IPL thickness, macular volume, and MT in few sectors of the inner and outer circle of the ETDRS macular map proved to bear an insignificant change of POAG. Conclusion: In this study, the greatest impact of POAG on macula was discovered in the GC-IPL layer and MT in the inferior sector of inner and outer ring which might serve the purpose of diagnosis of POAG apart from the established parameters of RNFL and ONH

Model Predictive Control System Analysis for Sugarcane Crushing Mill Process

MPC is a computer based technique that requires the process model to anticipate the future outputs of that process. An optimal control action is taken by MPC based on this prediction. The MPC is so popular since its control performance has been reported to be best among other conventional techniques to control the multivariable dynamical plants with various inputs and outputs constraints. In this paper the performance of an MPC controller on a single stage of milling train of sugar mill is analyzed. A linear model of the plant is taken with flap position and turbine speed set point as manipulated variables and mill torque and buffer chute height as controlled variables. The set point tracking responses are compared for constrained and unconstrained cases. The effect of presence of unmeasured disturbance also is investigated

Model Predictive Control System Design for Boiler Turbine Process

MPC is a computer based technique that requires the process model to anticipate the future outputs of that process. An optimal control action is taken by MPC based on this prediction. The MPC is so popular since its control performance has been reported to be best among other conventional techniques to control the multivariable dynamical plants with various inputs and outputs constraints. In the present work the control of boiler turbine process with three manipulated variables namely fuel flow valve position, steam control valve position and feed water flow valve position and three controlled variables namely drum pressure, output power and drum water level deviation [8] has been attempted using MPC technique. Boiler turbine process is very complex and nonlinear multivariable process. A linearized model obtained using Taylor series expansion around operating point has been used

Deciphering the Puzzle of Hypobaric Hypoxia Proteomics Prophylaxis and Modelling Approach

Hypoxia, particularly hypobaric hypoxia, is a multifaceted entity which includes certain molecular, patho-physiological and biochemical aspects. Any single aspect in itself cannot help us elucidate hypobaric hypoxia in its entirety. We observed three crucial lacunae within the existing literature. These include a lack of high-throughput investigations into redox PTMs, particularly NO-based PTMs; a prophylactic supplement with proven efficacy and safety which doesn’t involve medical supervision and is not contraindicated in hepatic, renal and cardiac insufficiencies; and a clinically validated rodent model of HAPE without any genetic/pharmacological manipulations. In the present study, we present an antagonistic interplay between nitrosylation and carbonylation which shows an additional NO-based network that is active in acclimatised individuals. Then we present a micronised aqueous suspension of silymarin which is efficacious at low doses in providing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoxia-adaptive vascular responses in addition to being a free radical quencher itself. Silymarin has an excellent safety and efficacy profile in humans. Finally, we create a SD rat model of HAPE which was used to reverse-translate a previously known HAPE marker in humans (SULT1A1) and elucidate the synergistic occurrence of HAPE and inflammation cascades. This is the first radiologically validated rodent HAPE model. In conclusion, we were able to elucidate the molecular, biochemical and patho-physiological aspects of hypobaric hypoxia which were left out by previous studies